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My last post dealt with the Southern taxpayers’
resistance to the public education programs forced upon them by the puppet regimes put in place by the unconstitutional acts of Congress. I ended that post by introducing
one of the most extreme framers of the
dogma that public education was synonymous with patriotism. It was a qualified, Yankee patriotism, to be sure, and the program promoting such national devotion just happened to be a lucrative one for the patriots supporting it/supported by it.
For you not familiar with Charles Sumner, the senior senator from Massachusetts, let me say that he
was an abolitionist and an idealist, who focused on two things, the equality of
man and the importance of education in compelling everyone to recognize that
equality. He was rabidly anti-slavery. His father had also been anti-slavery,
but told his son it would do no good to end slavery, because the Negro would
not be treated equally and nothing would be accomplished. Okay. Well, young
Charles, through a series of life-time opportunities, evolved the theory that
the reason the Negro was not recognized as an equal was due to a lack of education
for everyone. This theory evolved
while he was relatively young and still knew everything. His wisdom did not
“lessen” with age. I’m speeding up the scenario here, but I do believe Sumner
thought integrated education for all would solve the problem—after slavery
ended, of course. His goal of a Utopian “United” States did not begin with the
war or during Reconstruction. For more than a decade prior to the South’s secession, Charles Sumner had been a major agitator of sectional
conflict and, in my opinion, played a willing role in causing the war. Oh, and for you Southerners out there
despairing of folks pointing out or linking you to the Southern states’ various
articles of secession and screaming “see, see—it was about slavery”—do not despair. Not even Lincoln believed it was
about slavery. Charles Sumner and those of his ilk made it about “slavery,” and
those individuals manipulating selected data to the contrary need to crack the
covers on a few more books or in some cases just read the entire articles of
secession.
What drove Lincoln was keeping the Union together—slavery
was the issue driving Northern fanatics to foster increasingly debilitating
requirements and economic impediments on the South. The South’s secession was a reaction to the latter. Further, let’s not
forget what many today appear to have forgotten, the tacit approval and subsequent “martyrdom” of
John Brown, a fanatic who intended a bloody assault upon the Southern people followed by the tacit
failure of the law in bringing the powerful men supporting that lunatic to justice. There
were a number of compelling reasons that finally drove even reasonable
Southerners to believe they’d be better off, peacefully, separated from the North’s increasingly skewed concept of the Founder’s Republic.
At the time of Fort Sumter’s surrender, Lincoln’s goal was
to save the Union in order to collect tariffs due from Southern ports and eliminate the
specter of free-market Southern ports that would work havoc with those
competing in the North. But in May, Senator Sumner counseled Lincoln to make
the war over slavery. In Sumner’s mind, there was no way to save the Union
without abolishing slavery. What that computes to is there was no way to save
the Union as Charles Sumner conceived it should
be without abolishing slavery. But the Union Charles Sumner envisioned did not incorporate
the Republic our Founders had framed, but a Utopian state where
all men looked upon one another as equals. For Saint Peter’s sake! Other whites don’t even look at one
another as equals—and if anyone should have known that, Charles Sumner should,
because he considered himself superior to everyone.
In October 1861, Sumner stated publicly at the Massachusetts’ Republican Convention that the Civil War’s sole cause was slavery and the primary objective of the Union government was to destroy it. It’s not entirely clear to me if he meant the reason we revolted against mother England was to end slavery (you know that old civil right’s deflection that our guiding document is the Declaration of Independence vice the Constitution) or if he’d narrowed the time frame to his contemporary period and continent. But the Declaration did not a Republic make, the Constitution did, and even then that agreed-upon union was conditional on the will of sovereign states except where the Constitution specified otherwise.
In October 1861, Sumner stated publicly at the Massachusetts’ Republican Convention that the Civil War’s sole cause was slavery and the primary objective of the Union government was to destroy it. It’s not entirely clear to me if he meant the reason we revolted against mother England was to end slavery (you know that old civil right’s deflection that our guiding document is the Declaration of Independence vice the Constitution) or if he’d narrowed the time frame to his contemporary period and continent. But the Declaration did not a Republic make, the Constitution did, and even then that agreed-upon union was conditional on the will of sovereign states except where the Constitution specified otherwise.
During the summer of 1869, Virginia met all requirements for
readmission under the Reconstruction Acts—including ratification of a
“progressive” constitution and the election of a conservative Republican
(Scalawag) ticket. However, the conservative candidate for governor, Gilbert Walker, had promised
the Virginia taxpayer during the course of the tightly contested race that he
would not enact the unpopular public school system outlined in the new
constitution. Now, that had Sumner slobbering at the mouth.
The tool Sumner used to repair the cracks in the Radical dam
in Dixie was the Guarantee Clause, Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution
guaranteeing each state a republican form of government. I’ve used this play on
words in earlier posts—what this traitorous Congress meant to ensure, not for
the states, but for itself, was a “Republican” form of government. The
disreputable congressional majority then took it upon itself to pervert that
clause so they could use it to accomplish their objectives. Just as there’d
been no definition of what a citizen was (the determination made by the
individual states), there was no specific definition of what a republican constitution
was. The Founders did provide a general set of criteria, that being popular
rule by the voters (and voting rights
were established by each individual state); protection from monarchy—meaning no
governor would be allowed to gain control of a state and rule as a king; and
protection from civil disorder, meaning no mob rule/direct democracy. Beyond
that the central government had no say in state governance, nor was it intended
to. It was not a “guarantee” that Congress would interfere with the rights of
majority rule within a state because a Congress dominated by one section and
one party was failing in its overbearing attempts to enforce its will on
another. It was not a guarantee to the people. It was a guarantee to the states. All this civil rights rhetoric came well after the Founders had passed
to glory, and it came with the Republican Radicals as part of their
determination to impose their will on others by employing the power of the general government, power which first they had to appropriate from the states and pass to the central government.
Guarantee Clause thus invoked, Sumner proposed to make the
“unreconstructed” states reentry conditional above and beyond the
already unconstitutional Reconstruction Acts. The first Reconstruction Act (1867) only required a
new constitution be drawn up by usurpers after the disfranchisement of the
taxpayer. By default, everything outlined in Virginia’s constitution should
have gone forward since the Republicans had control. What the Radicals had not anticipated was the fissure with the conservative Republicans within the
state and the Democrats’ supporting the conservatives who sided with the
taxpayer regarding a public school system the state could not afford.
But Sumner’s
utopia could not evolve without that school system indoctrinating the uninformed that all men were
equal. State rights meant nothing to Charles Sumner, in fact, neither did the
Constitution, and I quote, “...the states have no power except to do justice.
Any power beyond this is contrary to the harmonies of the universe.” Hmmm, the
harmonies of the universe? With the ghostly wails of 650,000+ echoing around
him—in a war he welcomed—Sumner had a lot of nerve. Ah, but what are minor hiccups in imposing utopia on people too stupid not to realize such things really can exist in real life, if only everybody else is taught to think just like me.
Citing governor-elect Walker’s promises during his campaign against his Radical opponent, Sumner stated the new governor of Virginia would break down the proposed public school system. “How can you organize Reconstruction,” Sumner railed, “except on the everlasting foundation of education?” Sumner stated the Virginia election was a fraud and carried by an appeal to the “rebel people throughout the state that they should take the control of the state and in that way nullify the constitution and trample out the system of common schools.” I do think the constitution to which he refers is the new state constitution—after all, the only people nullifying the United States Constitution were Charles Sumner and those of his ilk. And the everlasting foundation of education? Education is only as valuable as what’s being taught. Am I the only one seeing “evil” here?
Citing governor-elect Walker’s promises during his campaign against his Radical opponent, Sumner stated the new governor of Virginia would break down the proposed public school system. “How can you organize Reconstruction,” Sumner railed, “except on the everlasting foundation of education?” Sumner stated the Virginia election was a fraud and carried by an appeal to the “rebel people throughout the state that they should take the control of the state and in that way nullify the constitution and trample out the system of common schools.” I do think the constitution to which he refers is the new state constitution—after all, the only people nullifying the United States Constitution were Charles Sumner and those of his ilk. And the everlasting foundation of education? Education is only as valuable as what’s being taught. Am I the only one seeing “evil” here?
Oliver Morton of Indiana agreed. The states could not be
free to go their own way once admitted to the Union. On 21 January 1869, Congress
readmitted Virginia to the Union, conditionally, imposing suffrage and
educational restrictions upon her sovereignty, setting a precedent that the now
misused Guarantee Clause remained alive even after a state was readmitted. Not
that it mattered, state sovereignty had been violated since 1861. What’s amazing
is that Northern states failed to shout the alarm in the wake of these
egregious congressional overreaches.
In debating the Mississippi bill and application of the
“Guarantee Clause” to her, a state rights advocate asked John Howard, senator
from Michigan, if he would like Congress to regulate the public school system
of Michigan. “Oh yes,” said he, and I will paraphrase, in part—if his state ever did anything
as reactionary as to discontinue public education he’d be the first one to
appeal to Congress to “apply the
corrective and to exercise this great power of guarantying a republican form of
government”. Set Michigan straight, in other words, under the newly revised
meaning of the Guarantee Clause. You
want my opinion as to what would have “set Michigan straight” at the time? The state legislature’s
calling Senator Howard’s ass home and putting him to pasture, that’s what. Such
men were saying the Guarantee Clause allowed Congress to dictate public education
to the states because such education is necessary to insure a republican form
of government (and any other prerequisite they determined was necessary to insure a republican government).
Howard went so far as to say that the Guarantee Clause was
“without limitation.” Senator Richard Yates from Illinois pooh-poohed
interference from the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of such
application of the Guarantee Clause [so somebody had brought it up]. The precedent had been set on the
Guarantee Clause long before the war. The Supreme Court had rarely agreed to
look at it, the clause wrapped up
in (I’m speaking for myself here, not being a lawyer) legal mumbo jumbo such as “non-justiciable,” and its being a political matter
belonging in the Congress. It includes the legal concept of “standing,” meaning
the plaintiff wouldn’t be hurt by the law, therefore nullifying the reason for the
suit. In other words, there was/is nothing a court can do, and if it did anything it would be nothing.
I’m sorry? In Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution, it is the state being discussed—the state’s guarantee for a republican form of government, right? If the state brought suit against Congress for abusing the clause, doesn’t that make the state the plaintiff and Congress is indeed hurting the state, for all intents and purposes, by terminating its sovereignty? Couple that with a horse’s behind making a comment that the Guarantee Clause “is without limitation.” What those traitors had done was taken a benign clause in the Constitution, twisted it into a lie, then made that lie omnipotent. Giddy with the possibilities, they intended to use it at their will, forever. No one who knows anything about the history of the Constitutional Convention and the states’ subsequent ratification of the Constitution could possibly believe that clause was intended to be used in the manner that group of fanatics were using it. There would have been no reason for a Tenth Amendment, because the states (those thirteen original) would have never ratified the Constitution. What hogwash spouted by despicable men! [Recall, too, that Salmon P. Chase is Chief Justice at this time, so I doubt the good guys would have found any satisfaction with the Supreme Court. It was the Northern states that needed to act, and they failed to do so.]
I’m sorry? In Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution, it is the state being discussed—the state’s guarantee for a republican form of government, right? If the state brought suit against Congress for abusing the clause, doesn’t that make the state the plaintiff and Congress is indeed hurting the state, for all intents and purposes, by terminating its sovereignty? Couple that with a horse’s behind making a comment that the Guarantee Clause “is without limitation.” What those traitors had done was taken a benign clause in the Constitution, twisted it into a lie, then made that lie omnipotent. Giddy with the possibilities, they intended to use it at their will, forever. No one who knows anything about the history of the Constitutional Convention and the states’ subsequent ratification of the Constitution could possibly believe that clause was intended to be used in the manner that group of fanatics were using it. There would have been no reason for a Tenth Amendment, because the states (those thirteen original) would have never ratified the Constitution. What hogwash spouted by despicable men!
Speaking of which, Yates, that pathetic excuse of a U. S. senator from Illinois, went so far as to imply
that the behavior of some Northern states might be in need of remedial
“Guarantee Clause” action, too (especially those allowing parochial schools to
have too much say). I think Illinois’ legislature, like Michigan’s, was remiss
in not calling its senator home.
Readers, I trust you now have a better picture of the
backdrop against which the fight for Mississippi’s government was being
carried out in Washington that winter of 1868-1869, then beyond. Next post I will return
specifically to the Mississippi question.
Thanks for reading,
Charlsie
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For earlier posts on Alcorn, (best read in sequence from
oldest to most recent), start with 17 February, 24 March, 16 April, 17 July, 24 July, 18 September, 9 October, 23 October, 5 November, 22 November, 15 December, 29 December 2014, 13 January, 24 January, 9 February, 24 February, 9 March, 31 March, 8 May, 10 June, 30 June, 3 August, 30 August , 13 September, 27 September and 11 October 2015.
